Although water and steam are the ideal media for heat transfer, there are often situations when other heat-transfer fluids are called upon to perform this function in the chemical process industries (CPI). Thus there are, at the very high-temperature end, various types of heat-transfer fluids, such as molten salts and even molten metals. At the lower end of the temperature scale we have various proprietary and non-proprietary brines, usually glycols of one kind or the other. Between these two temperature extremes, a variety of heat-transfer fluids are also available. For this discussion, the focus will be on high-temperature heat-transfer fluids; those having useful bulk-fluid-operating temperatures of approximately 70–400°C....

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