Among all the components of a pneumatic conveying system, bends — despite their apparent simplicity — are probably the least understood and most potentially problematic for process operators. Findings from various research studies are often not consistent, and often times public findings do not match field experience. The importance of bends in any pneumatic conveying assembly cannot be overstated since — if not properly selected and designed — they can contribute significantly to overall pressure drop, product attrition (degradation) and system maintenance (due to erosive wear). This article summarizes the key concepts, outline key metrics used to evaluate bend performance, and provide guidance for their selection. The discussion is limited to dilute-phase conveying....

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